MBA Information

The Master of Business Administration (MBA or MBA) is a master's degree in business administration, which attracts people from a wide variety of academic disciplines. The MBA designation originated in the United States, emerging from the late 19th century as the country industrialized and companies sought scientific approaches to management. The core courses in the MBA program is designed to introduce students to different areas of business such as accounting, finance, marketing, human resources, operations management, etc.. Students in the MBA programs have the option of the general business courses throughout the program or to an area of concentration and focus around a quarter of their studies in this subject choose.

Accreditation bodies exist specifically for MBA programs, consistency and quality of graduate business education to ensure. Management Schools in many countries offer MBA programs tailored to full-time, part time, executive and distance learning students, with specialized concentrations.

The first Graduate School of Business in the United States was the Tuck School of Business, part of Dartmouth College was founded in 1900, it was the first institution to award an advanced degree (Masters) in the commercial sciences, specifically, a Master of Science in Commerce degree, the ancestor of the modern MBA.

In 1908, the Graduate School of Business Administration (GSBA) at Harvard University, is the world's first MBA program offered by a faculty of 15 plus 33 regular students and 47 special students. There is M7 peer recognition for the top MBAs.
The University of Chicago Booth School first offered working professionals the Executive MBA (EMBA) program in 1943, the first time available in a permanent campus in three continents (Chicago, London and Singapore) and this type of program is offered by most business schools today.

Thunderbird School of Global Management in 1946, was the first school for an MBA program focused on global governance has to offer.
In 1950, the first MBA degrees awarded outside the United States by the University of Western Ontario in Canada, followed in 1951 with the degree awarded by the University of Pretoria in South Africa. In 1957, INSEAD, the first European business school, an MBA program to offer. In 1986, the Roy E. Crummer Graduate School of Business at Rollins College (Florida) was the first MBA program requires each student a laptop to have in the classroom. Initially, professors wheel of a cart of laptops in the classroom.

The MBA degree is accepted by universities worldwide and is adopted and adapted by both developed and developing countries.

Accreditation

Schools of Management MBA program can be accredited by external bodies which provide students and employers with an independent view of their quality, and indicates that the school's educational curriculum meets specific quality standards. The three major accrediting bodies in the United States, the Association Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) which accredits universities, the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programmes (ACBSP) which accredits universities and colleges, and the International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education to promote (IACBE), all schools also accredits outside the U.S.. The AACSB, the ACBSP, and IACBE themselves in the United States recognized by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (Chea). MBA programs with specializations for students pursuing careers in health care management is also eligible for accreditation by the Commission on accreditation of Healthcare Management Education (CAHME).

In the United States, an accredited college or university as a whole before being eligible for its MBA program is accredited. Bodies that accredit institutions as a whole include the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (Chea): Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools (MSA), New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASCSC), Higher Education Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges Schools (HLC) Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU), Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC).

Accreditation agencies outside the United States include the Association of MBAs (AMBA), a British organization that accredits MBA, DBA and MBM programs worldwide, government accreditation bodies like the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), which MBA and PGDM-accredited programs across India, the Council on Higher Education (CHE) in South Africa, the European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS) for mostly European and Asian schools, and the Foundation for International Business Administration Accreditation (FIBAA) in Europe.

Basic types of MBA programs

Two years (full time) MBA program normally takes place over two academic years (ie approximately 18 months of term time). For example, in the Northern Hemisphere beginning in late August / September this year and May this year two with a 3:57 summer month break in between years one and two. The students enter with a reasonable amount of prior real-world work experience and take classes during weekdays like other university students.

Accelerated MBA programs are a variation of two years. This entails a higher course load with more intense class and examination schedules. They usually have less "down time" during the program and between semesters. For example, there is no month summer break 3:57, and there would be between semesters 7-10 days rather than weeks holiday 04:57.
Part-time MBA programs normally hold classes on weekday evenings after regular working hours or on weekends. Part-time programs normally last three years or more. The students in these programs typically consist of the work of professionals, a light course load for a long time to achieve the Ph.D. requirements.

Executive MBA (EMBA) programs developed for the educational needs of managers and executives to meet, so that students have an MBA or other business-related graduate degree in two years or less earned while working full time. Participants come from every type and size of organization - profit, non-profit, government - a variety of industries. EMBA students usually have a higher level of work experience, 10 years or more often, compared to other MBA students. In response to the increasing number of EMBA programs offered, the Executive MBA Council in 1981 formed executive education.

Distance learning MBA programs hold a class off campus. These programs can be offered in several different formats: correspondence courses by mail or e-mail, non-interactive broadcast video, pre-recorded video, live teleconference or videoconference, offline or online computer courses. Many schools offer these programs.

Dual MBA programs combine MBA degree with others (such as an MS, MA, or a JD, etc.) to let students cut costs (dual programs usually cost less than pursuing 2 degrees separately), to save time education and tailor the business education courses to their needs. Some driving schools offer programs where students with a BA degree in business administration and an MBA can be earned in four or five years.

Admissions criteria

Most programs base admission on the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT), a significant work experience, academic records, essays, references or letters of recommendation and personal interviews. The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) was also adopted by some schools in place of the GMAT. Some schools are also interested in extracurricular activities, community service and how students can enhance diversity and to contribute to the student body as a whole. All these qualifications may be important for admission, some schools do not weigh GMAT scores as heavily as other criteria. For a different class to achieve business schools also consider the target man-woman relationship and local international student ratios.

Depending on the program, the type and length of work experience is a critical component for many admissions MBA programs. Many top-tier programs require five or more years of experience for admission.

Program Content

Most top MBA programs cover a similar subjects in their required core courses. For more information about the typical content of an MBA program's core curriculum, see the overview on the Wikiversity MBA article on the subject. MBA programs allow students to a variety of subjects that students can choose to specialize in a particular area. Students traditionally a wide spectrum of courses in the program's first year of study to follow a specialized curriculum in the second year. Full-time students usually try to do an internship during the interim. Typical fields of specialization include: Accounting, Economics, Entrepreneurship, Finance, International Business, Management, marketing, operations management, organizational behavior, project management, real estate, and strategy, among others.

Europe

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History of the MBA in Europe

In 1957, INSEAD first European university offering the MBA degree in 1959, followed by ESADE, ICADE in 1960 (which in 1956 started offering a "Technical Seminar on Business Administration"), IESE (first two-year program Europe had become) in 1964, UCD Smurfit Business School in 1964, Manchester Business School and London Business School in 1965, The University of Dublin (Trinity College), the Rotterdam School of Management in 1966, the Cranfield School of Management in 1967 and in 1969 by the HEC School of Management (in French, the École des Hautes Etudes Commerciales) and the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris. In 1972 the Swiss business school IMEDE (now IMD) started offering a full-time MBA program in 1974, followed by AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland. In 1991, the IEDC-Bled School of Management is the first school in the former socialist bloc of Central and Eastern an MBA degree at present. Due to technology advances, distance or online MBA programs, has recently emerged in Europe. Several schools in the UK now offers a range of MBA programs. In 2007, ESCEM the first French business school to become their distance or online MBA to offer. See List of schools in Europe

Bologna Accord

In Europe, the recent Bologna Accord established uniformity in three levels of higher education: Bachelor (three years), Masters (one or two years in three or four years for a BA) and doctorate (an additional three or four years after a Masters). Students can go to their initial bachelor degree at a European institution of professional experience acquired and later complete their masters in any other European institution via the European Credit Transfer and accumulation.

Accreditation

Accreditation standards are not uniform in Europe. Some countries have legal requirements for accreditation (eg German states), in some cases there is a legal requirement is for the universities of a certain type (eg Austria), and others have no accreditation to all legal. Even where there is no legal requirement, many business schools accredited by independent bodies is voluntary quality standards.

Austria

In Austria, the MBA programs of private universities by the Austrian Accreditation Council (Österreichischer Akkreditierungsrat) must be accredited. State universities have no accreditation requirements, but some of them voluntarily undergo accreditation procedures by independent bodies. There is also an MBA program of the non-academic business schools, which the Austrian Government is entitled to these programs to offer up to 2010 (Lehrgang universitären Charakters). Some non-academic institutions working with the state-run universities to the legality of their grades.

Czech Republic

January 1998, the first meeting of the "Association of the Czech MBA Schools" (CAMBAS). The Society is housed within the Center for Doctoral Studies and Management UEP, Prague. All of the founders of the Society have their MBA programs accredited by other institutions in the United Kingdom or the United States of America.

Finland

In Finland, as in most countries do not have the MBA status of the official grade. MBA programs are conducted by several universities, including the top universities in the country.

France and French speaking countries

In France and French speaking countries like Switzerland, Monaco, Belgium and Canada, the MBA programs at accredited public schools are similar to those in the Anglo-Saxon countries. Most French Business Schools are accredited by the Conference des Grandes Ecoles, which is an association of higher education institutions outside the mainstream framework of the public education system.

Germany

Germany was one of the last Western countries that the MBA degree to take. In 1998, the Hochschulrahmengesetz (Higher Education Framework Act), a German federal law regulating higher education including the types of degrees offered, adjusted to allow the German universities masters degrees on offer. The traditional German degree in business administration was the Diplom in Betriebswirtschaft (Diplom-Kaufmann, Master's degree equivalent), but since 1999, Bachelor's and master's degrees have gradually replaced the traditional degrees (see Bologna process). Today most German business schools offer the MBA. Most German states require that the MBA degree has to be accredited by one of the six agencies officially recognized by the German Akkreditierungsrat (accreditation council), the German counterpart of the US-American Chea is. The busiest of these six agencies (regarding MBA) is the Foundation for International Business Administration accreditation (FIBAA). All universities are institutionally accredited by the state (staatlich anerkannt).

Italy

Italian MBAs accredited programs at public schools are similar to those elsewhere in Europe. Italian Business Schools are accredited by EQUIS and ASFOR.

Poland

There are several MBA programs offered in Poland. Some of these are run as partnerships with American and Canadian universities. For example, the CEMBA program run by the Warsaw School of Economics and University of Quebec in Montreal, Warsaw-Illinois Executive MBA (WIEMBA) run as a partnership of the University of Warsaw and the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

Switzerland

Swiss MBA programs are run by private schools, BHMS, IMD, ETH Zurich Business School (SBS) of the Swiss and Swiss Management Center (SMC).

Ukraine

Recently MBA programs in Ukraine where there are about twenty schools of business provide a range of MBA programs published. Three of the subsidiaries of European business schools, while the rest of the institutions are independent. Ukrainian MBA programs are mainly on the details of business and management in the Ukraine. For example, is 2 / 3 of all case studies based on the actual situation of the Ukrainian companies.
United Kingdom

The British Association of MBAs (AMBA) was established in 1967 and is an active advocate for MBA. The Association's accreditation service is internationally recognized for all MBA, DBA and Masters in Business and Management (MBM) programs. AMBA also offers the only professional membership association for MBA students and graduates. British MBA programs typically consist of a number of taught courses plus a thesis or project.

In Australia, Africa

Today, MBA and Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) name is found in many countries and even accessible through online, distance learning or e-learning. Due to the different standards of MBAs worldwide, many business schools accredited by independent bodies.

Australia

In Australia, 42 Australian schools offer the MBA degree. Universities distinguished themselves by obtaining international accreditation, focusing on national and international rankings. Most MBAs is 01:59 years full time. There is little use of GMAT, and place each educational institution determines its own requirements, usually a few years of management level work experience, and proven academic skills entail.

Ratings for Australian MBAs are conducted by the Graduate Management Association of Australia, an annual Australian MBA Star Ratings published. See List of business schools in Australia.

South Africa

See also: List of business schools in South Africa and the tables of the League of the South African business schools
In 2004 the South African Council on Higher Education (CHE) completed an extensive re-accreditation of MBA in the country offered. The procedure was the first of its kind in the world to be a statutory body.

Ghana
Management Schools of traditional universities run a variety of MBA programs. Moreover, foreign accredited institutions offer MBA degrees through distance education in Ghana.

Japan

To the third largest economy in the world, Japan has many universités that MBA programs. The quality of universities and higher education in Japan is internationally recognized. Many Japanese business schools offer a full-time MBA programs, part-time MBA programs, and E-Business Management.

Japan has about three million students enrolled in 1200 universities and junior colleges and are therefore the second largest higher education in the developed world. Japan is also one of the largest private higher education institutions in the world. The 710 odd universities in Japan can be separated into three categories: highly competitive, somewhat competitive and non-competitive (the schools that the first tier is the most infamously difficult to perform).

MBA in public universities are generally more prestigious than their private counterparts, with only 25 percent of all college bound students at public universities are allowed. The public universities like the University of Nagoya, University of Tsukuba, Kyushu University, Kyoto University offer Management Studies and Business Administration and is the oldest and most prestigious universities in Japan.

India

There are 1600 schools in India two years MBA programs. The students are a mix of fresh graduates without work experience and people with significant work experience. Among those schools, the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) is the oldest institutions for management education in India. Admission to any of the IIM schools requires passing the Common Admission Test (CAT), however, other business schools require passing or cat, XAT, GMAT, JMET, mat or other. Apart from these input tests there are few management schools that do aptitude tests for admission to that particular business school individually. The IIM and other independent business schools offer a postgraduate diploma in management (PGDM) or Post Graduate Programme in Management (PGPM) recognized as equivalent to an MBA degree in India. Government accreditation bodies such as AICTE autonomous business schools, only the PGDM or PGPM, while a full postgraduate degree can be awarded only by a university in two years full-time program. The curriculum of PGDM of PGPM and MBA equivalent, although the MBA exam oriented and focus on the theoretical aspects of management, while the PGDM of PGPM is industry-oriented. PGDM PGPM and usually used the case method of teaching and focus primarily on building soft skills. A PGDM or a PGPM container must not be PhD because they did not complete post-graduates, but can follow Fellowship programs instead of many B-Schools. Non-governmental organizations accredited, one-year fast-track programs have proliferated across India, particularly for candidates with work experience. Such programs are commonly known as the Graduate Program for Executives (PGPX or ExPGP) in Business Management. See List of business schools in India.

Pakistan

The IBA was the first instiute in Pakistan, established in 1955 in collaboration with the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and is the first business school in South Asia on the American MBA model. Now in Pakistan, 16 universities recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan are the only ones that offer MBAs.

International MBA programs are acquiring brand value in Asia. For example, while a foreign MBA is still preferred in the Philippines, many students are now studying at one of the many "Global MBA" English language programs being offered. English-only MBA programs are also offered in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand. For international students who have a different experience to have many Asian programs offer scholarships and tuition discounts an international environment in the classroom to encourage.
Rankings for the Asia-Pacific schools conducted by the magazine Asia Inc., which is a local magazine with worldwide distribution. The importance of the MBA education in China has risen to. See List of business schools in Asia.
MBA program rankings

See also: List of United States Business School Rankings Australian MBA Star Ratings

As MBA programs fires over time, the differences in the quality of schools, faculty and course offerings became evident. As a means of establishing quality criteria under different MBA programs evaluate a variety of publications, the compilation of information about the program and the placement quality. Different methods of different validity was used. Gourman The report, from 1967 to 1997 run, the criteria or ranking methods public, and these reports were criticized for reporting statistically impossible data, such as no ties among schools, narrow gaps in scores with no change in the gap widths, and should be non-existent departments. In 1977 the Carter Report published rankings of MBA programs based on the number of academic articles published by faculty. In 1977, the Ladd & Lipset Survey relied on surveys of business school faculty as the basis for the rankings and MBA Magazine ranked schools based on votes cast by the business school deans.

Most recently known publications such as U.S. News & World Report, Business Week, Financial Times, The Economist and the Wall Street Journal publish rankings of selected MBA programs. Often a school's rank varies considerably across publications, the methodology used to make the ranks are different in each publication. The U.S. News & World Report ranking includes responses from deans, program directors and senior faculty on the academic quality of their programs as well as the opinions of hiring professionals. The position is calculated through a weighted formula of quality assessment (40%), placement success (35%), and student selectivity (25%). The Business is similarly ranked based on student surveys, a survey of corporate recruiters and an intellectual capital rating. The Financial Times includes criteria, including survey responses from alumni who graduated three years before the position and the information from the business schools. Salary and employment statistics are heavily weighted. Rankings by the Economist Intelligence Unit in The Economist because of surveys administered to business schools (80%) and to students and recent graduates (20%) published. Ranking criteria include GMAT scores, employment and salary statistics, class options, and the student body demographics. Although the Wall Street Journal ranking of full-time MBA programs in 2007 stopped, his position based on skills and development of behavior that must borrow to career success, such as social skills, teamwork orientation, ethics, and analytical and problem-solving abilities.

Other rankings methodologies based on other characteristics than standardized test scores, salary of graduates, and recruiter opinions. The Beyond Grey Pinstripes ranking, by the Aspen Institute published based on the integration of social justice and environmental stewardship in the university curriculum and faculty research. Rankings are calculated on the amount of sustainability coursework available to students (20%), the amount of student exposure to the material (25%), the amount of course work focused on stewardship by for-profit corporations (30%) and the faculty research (25%). The 2011 survey and ranking includes data from 150 universities. The QS Global 200 Business Schools Report proposes regional rankings of business schools around the world. Ranks are calculated using a two-year moving average of the marks awarded by employers who hire MBA graduates. Since 2005, the UT-Dallas Top 100 Business School Research Rankings ranks business schools on the faculty to publish research, not unlike the Carter report of the past.

The ranking of MBA programs in the academic articles and websites discussed. Critics of the ranking methodologies to maintain that any published rankings should be viewed with caution for the following reasons:

Rankings limit the population size to a small number of MBA programs and ignore the majority of schools, many with excellent offerings.

The ranking methods can be subject to biases and statistically flawed methods (especially for methods relying on subjective interviews of hiring managers).

The same list of famous schools in each ranking with some variation in ranks appear that a school as a number in a list number 17 in another list may be.

Rankings tend to focus on the school itself, but some schools offer MBA programs of different properties (eg a school may use highly reputable faculty to a day program to learn and use adjunct faculty in the evening program) .

A high priority in a national publication tends to be a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Some leading business schools including Harvard, INSEAD and Wharton limited cooperation with certain ranking publications due to their perception that rankings are misused.

One study found that objectively ranking MBA programs by a combination of graduates' basic salaries and average student GMAT score can reasonably duplicate the top 20 list of national publications. The study concludes that a truly objective ranking would be individualized to the needs of each student. National publications have recognized the value of rankings against different criteria, and now offer lists ranked different ways: by salary, GMAT score of students, selectivity, and so on. Other publications produced "ranking of rankings", which coalesce and summarize the findings of several independent rankings. While useful, these rankings have not the criticism that the rankings are not tailored to individual needs, they use an incomplete population of schools, may fail to distinguish between different types of MBA programs that each school will be or rely on subjective interviews.

The financial crisis of 2007-2010 has raised new challenges and questions regarding the MBA degree. Graduates of MBA programs have a tendency to go in finance soon after receiving the degree. As the field of finances closely linked to the global economic downturn, anecdotal evidence suggests new graduates are stepping on the alternate paths.
Deans from top business schools recognized media and public perception of the MBA shows some shifts as a result of the financial crisis. Articles about public perception regarding the crisis range of school approval issues related to the training students receive critiques of the MBA's role in society.